Engineering in a Crisis: Observing Students' Perceptions of Macroethical Responsibilities during Pandemics and Natural Disasters

When the ethical responsibilities of engineers are discussed in classrooms, the focus is usually on microethics, which concentrates on individual decision-making, rather than macroethics, that addresses broad societal concerns. Pandemics (e.g., COVID-19) and natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, derechos) have presented unique opportunities to observe engineering macroethical responsibilities, because unjust social, economic, and environmental systems have been brought to the forefront amidst the responses (e.g., inequitable transportation access). In this paper, we consider pandemics and natural disasters through the lens of engineering macroethics, aiming to understand students' perceptions about the macroethical responsibilities of engineers. In the fall of 2020, we deployed a survey to undergraduate engineering students at two universities (n=424). Students were asked to discuss what they perceived to be the role of engineering professionals in response to the global COVID-19 pandemic and natural disasters. We used a qualitative content analysis to explore the macroethical responsibilities mentioned in students' responses. Many of these responses include considerations of infrastructure resilience, resource distribution, and community equity. Logit models were used to identify which sociodemographic factors were associated with responses that included macroethical responsibilities, revealing engineering major (specifically, civil engineering), employment status, gender identity, and family size, among others as significant factors. The implications from this study include recommendations on curricular content, and identifying which student sociodemographic groups would especially benefit from macroethical content in coursework. © 2023 American Society of Civil Engineers.

[Influence of the social deprivation index on outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Influencia del índice de privación social en resultados durante la pandemia de COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To see the relationship between the population deprivation index and the use of the health services, adverse evolution and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: Retrospective cohort study of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection from March 1, 2020 to January 9, 2022. The data collected included sociodemographic data, comorbidities and prescribed baseline treatments, other baseline data and the deprivation index, estimated by census section. Multivariable multilevel logistic regression models were performed for each outcome variable: death, poor outcome (defined as death or intensive care unit), hospital admission, and emergency room visits. RESULTS: The cohort consists of 371,237 people with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the multivariable models, a higher risk of death or poor evolution or hospital admission or emergency room visit was observed within the quintiles with the greatest deprivation compared to the quintile with the least. For the risk of being hospitalized or going to the emergency room, there were differences between most quintiles. It has also been observed that these differences occurred in the first and third periods of the pandemic for mortality and poor outcome, and in all due for the risk of being admitted or going to the emergency room. CONCLUSIONS: The groups with the highest level of deprivation have had worse outcomes compared to the groups with lower deprivation rates. It is necessary to carry out interventions that minimize these inequalities.

New (and inevitable) Horizons for International Economic Law: The Aftermath of the 2020 Pandemic

El Derecho Internacional Económico (DIE) es una materia cuya fluidez le ha permitido cambiar significantemente a lo largo de los años. El DIE nunca ha sido un sistema rígido y fijo de reglas y, al igual que todas las áreas del Derecho, ha ido fluctuando conforme a las circunstancias socioeconómicas de una determinada época y este factor determinante del DIE le ha permitido adaptarse en el tiempo. Han sido siempre la acción, el pensamiento y la ideología humanas los que construyeron las bases sociales e internacionales para el desarrollo del DIE. La pandemia del 2020 ha sido indudablemente uno de esos eventos que cambiaron drásticamente las circunstancias de una determinada época. La pandemia ha establecido una "nueva normalidad”. Sin embargo, es sabido que lo "normal” es un concepto que también fluctúa a lo largo del tiempo y que resulta del consenso de una determinada época. Lo que es normal hoy tal vez no haya sido normal 30 años atrás. Lo que era normal 50 años atrás tal vez no sea normal hoy en día. No obstante, el DIE parece desconocer este hecho: la mayoría de las instituciones del Derecho Internacional Público han sido creadas dentro de un sistema de naciones-Estado organizado hace siglos con el Tratado de Westfalia y abrazando el Multilateralismo. Y aunque el DIE pretenda resolver los problemas internacionales que puedan surgir a través de una visión desfasada, el Multilateralismo no ha resultado ser tan eficiente como se pensaba, especialmente en los esfuerzos internacionales contra la pandemia del Covid-19. Quizás sea necesario algunos ajustes o actualizaciones. A pesar de la mutabilidad del DIE, la mayoría de los postulados y premisas del Derecho Internacional han sido puestos a prueba con la emergencia de la tecnología como medio de interacción humana a nivel internacional. Esto ha alterado tanto al Derecho Internacional Público como al Derecho Internacional Privado. Un ejemplo importante es el Arbitraje Comercial Internacional, cuyo marco legal está basado en un Tratado Internacional de los años 50 y cuya Ley Modelo más popular data de los años 80. Tal vez algunas actualizaciones sean convenientes también en este respecto. La pandemia del año 2020 provocó una rotura sin precedentes en la cadena de contratos a nivel internacional, afectando directamente a la cadena de suministros. Las armas legales para hacer frente a este rompimiento contractual internacional masivo fueron los remedios legales diseñados precisamente para las situaciones de incumplimiento contractual cuando un factor externo ha ocasionado que la obligación contractual resultase demasiado onerosa o de cumplimiento imposible. Estos remedios legales provienen de dos fuentes: el Derecho positivo y el soft law. La ausencia de un Derecho positivo uniforme derivó en soluciones legales distintas a un mismo problema de derecho contractual internacional. Y aunque el DIE reconozca la diversidad cultural y sociológica de las diferentes jurisdicciones, aboga por la uniformidad y la previsibilidad. Esta obra no contiene soluciones mágicas para estos asuntos internacionales: prefiere exponer algunos de los problemas concernientes al porvenir del DIE de una manera objetiva en lugar de la indiferencia actual hacia los mismos.Alternate abstract:International Economic Law (IEL) is a fluid topic, and it has changed significantly over the course of years. It has never been a steady system and just as in all fields of the Law, IEL has been fluctuating in response of the social and economic circumstances of a determined period, and this determinant feature has enabled IEL to adapt itself over time. It has always been human action, thoughts and ideology what built the social and international basis for the development of IEL. The 2020 pandemic was certainly one of those events that changed drastically the circumstances of a determined period. It established a "new normality”. Nevertheless, it is understood that what is "normal” is a concept that also fluctuates over time and result from the consensus of a f certain period. What is normal today has might not be so normal in 30 years. What was normal 50 years ago might not be normal today. However, IEL seem to disregard this fact: most of the Public International Law institutions have been created within a system of nation-States orchestrated centuries ago with the Westphalian Treaty and praising Multilateralism. And even though IEL pretends to solve the international issues that may arise through an outdated vision, Multilateralism proved not to be as efficient or as consistent as it supposed to be, especially in the transnational battle against COVID-19 pandemic. Adjustments or updates may be conceivable. Despite IEL mutable conditions, most of the core ideas, assumptions and postulates of International Law has been challenged since the emergence of technology as a medium for international human interaction. This fact altered Public International Law as Private International Law. One significant example is International Commercial Arbitration, whose legal framework is based on a Treaty from the 50's and whose most popular Model Law of its field comes from the 80's. Perhaps an update is required here too. The 2020 pandemic provoked an unprecedent break in the international contractual chain, cracking the supply chain worldwide. The legal munitions to face these massive international contractual breaches were the legal remedies designed precisely to deal with contractual underperforming or breach when an external factor rendered the contractual obligation too expensive or simply of impossible performing. These legal remedies came from two sources: from soft law and hard law. The lack of uniform hard law legal remedies resulted in different solutions to a same international contractual problem. And albeit IEL acknowledges the cultural and sociological differences that exist in the distinct domestic jurisdictions, it advocates for uniformity and predictability. This paper does not provide magical solutions for these problems;it prefers to expose some of these international issues concerning the future of IEL in an objective manner in lieu of the current indifference on them.

El impacto de las audiencias virtuales en el debido proceso

Partiendo de una breve reseña del estado de situación de los sistemas judiciales en el contexto de la pandemia de la Covid 19, se analiza el impacto de la utilización masiva de la videoconferencia en el proceso penal. Se destaca la experiencia en los países anglosajones sobre el uso de la telepresencia y se abordan algunas posiciones jurisprudenciales relevantes sobre la constitucionalidad de las audiencias virtuales. Se exponen las ventajas y desventajas de la utilización de la videotecnología apuntadas por la escasa investigación empirica existente, y se analiza la posible afectación de las garantías judiciales mínimas de los acusados.Alternate : Based on a brief review of the state of the judicial systems in the context of the Covid 19 pandemic, the impact of the massive use of videoconferencing in criminal proceedings is analyzed. The experience in Anglo-Saxon countries on the use of telepresence is highlighted and some relevant jurisprudential positions on the constitutionality of virtual audiences are addressed. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of video technology pointed out by the scant existing empirical research are exposed, and the possible impact on the minimum judicial guarantees of the accused is analyzed.

Reseña. Rural Renaissance: Derecho y medio rural

El monográfico dirigido por Marcos Matías Fernando Pablo y José Luis Domínguez Álvarez recoge 17 artículos de diferentes autores cuyos vínculos con los espacios rurales son muy diversos. Resumidamente, se enuncia cómo la despoblación en las áreas rurales españolas, en general, y de Castilla y León, en particular, lleva asociadas unas causas y unas consecuencias que van más allá de lo estrictamente demográfico. A grandes rasgos, de esta obra se puede establecer que la despoblación es una problemática multicausal en la que los factores ambientales, económicos y sociales se retroalimentan, llegando a observarse, desde una escala territorial, afecciones desfavorables. Conviene destacar que se hace especial hincapié en las repercusiones positivas o negativas que, de manera más o menos directa, el Derecho y la legislación española y castellanoleonesa tienen sobre el medio rural español. En esta línea, se describen los instrumentos legislativos que, no teniendo en cuenta su distinta naturaleza territorial, o dificultan el desarrollo de las áreas rurales, o no les otorgan las suficientes ventajas comparativas, por lo que se puede afirmar que no son adecuados para tratar de fomentar su desarrollo. La obra incluye casos exitosos de desarrollo rural y algunas acciones y medidas que, desde el punto de vista legislativo, se deberían implementar para frenar el declive poblacional, primero, y tratar de revertir las dinámicas demográficas, después;por último, se hace especial referencia a la nueva realidad que la COVID19 puede provocar para los espacios rurales.

Contradições da educação de jovens e adultos em tempos de educação remota

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as potencialidades e limites das práticas pedagógicas mediadas por tecnologias digitais, no atual contexto em que o mundo convive com a pandemia da Covid-19, que impediu, além de outras atividades cotidianas, que as escolas dessem continuidade ao ano letivo de 2020 e iniciassem o ano letivo de 2021. O presente estudo centra-se na modalidade da Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), nos níveis Fundamental e Médio, sob a hipótese de que os educandos da modalidade são os que possuem maiores dificuldades de adaptação às novas práticas de ensino e de aprendizagem com interface tecnológica, dada a pouca habilidade da maioria dos estudantes no uso de equipamentos eletrônicos e a ausência do acesso à internet. Trata-se de pesquisa de abordagem quali-quantitativa, que metodologicamente fez uso de questionário, respondido por 79 professores, por meio de formulário digital. As principais conclusões do estudo apontam a baixa adesão dos estudantes da modalidade às plataformas digitais e às atividades remotas e a necessidade de as políticas públicas e a formação docente investirem na educação mediada pela tecnologia como um recurso a mais no processo de ensino e de aprendizagem e na garantia do direito de todos à educação. Sinaliza, ainda, como professores e estudantes estão vivenciando este contexto pandêmico e as expectativas docentes em relação à EJA no período pós-pandemia.Alternate : The aim of this article is to analyze the potentialities and limits of pedagogic practices mediated by digital technologies, in current context in which the world coexists with Covid-19, that prevented, beyond other daily activities, that the schools have continued the school year of 2020 and have begun the school year of 2021. The present study is centered in the Youth and Adult Education (YAE), in Elementary and High levels, under the hypotheses that the students of the YAE are who have higher difficulties of adaptation to the newest teaching and learning practices with technologic interface, due the low ability of the most students in the usage of electronic equipment and absence of access to internet. This research has a qualitative-quantitative approach, which methodologically used questionnaire, answered by 79 teachers, through digital formulary. The main conclusions of the study point to low adhesion of the YAE students to digital platforms and remote activities, and the necessity of the public politics and teacher training to invest in education mediated by technology as an extra resource in teaching and learning process and in the warranty of the right to education for all. It also signals how teachers and students are experiencing this pandemic context and the teachers expectatives about YAE in after-pandemic period.Alternate : El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las potencialidades y los límites de las prácticas pedagógicas mediadas por las tecnologías digitales, en el contexto actual en el que el mundo vive con la pandemia del Covid-19, que impidió, además de otras actividades cotidianas, que las escuelas continuaran el año escolar 2020 e iniciaran el año escolar 2021. Este estudio se centra en la modalidad de Educación de Jóvenes y Adultos (EJA), en los niveles de Primaria y Secundaria, bajo la hipótesis de que los alumnos de esta modalidad son los que tienen mayores dificultades para adaptarse a las nuevas prácticas de enseñanza y aprendizaje con interfaz tecnológica, dada la baja habilidad de la mayoría de los alumnos en el uso de equipos electrónicos y la ausencia de acceso a internet. Se trata de una investigación de enfoque cuali-cuantitativo, que metodológicamente hizo uso de un cuestionario, contestado por 79 profesores, mediante formulario digital. Las principales conclusiones del estudio apuntan a la baja adhesión de los alumnos de la modalidad a las plataformas digitales y a las actividades a distancia y a la necesidad de que las políticas públicas y la formación de los profesores inviertan en la educación ediada por la tecnología como un recurso más en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje y en la garantía del derecho de todos a la educación. También señala cómo viven los profesores y los alumnos este contexto pandémico y las expectativas de los profesores en relación con la EJA en el periodo post-pandémico.

International Humanitarian Law and COVID-19 in Colombia: the Construction of Peace in the Post-agreement and Post-pandemic Period.

Objective: to analyze the role of International Humanitarian Law in post-agreement and post-pandemic peace-building in Colombia. Methodology: of a documentary nature under the hermeneutic method, with a critical socio-legal approach guided by the qualitative research from the documentary review technique. Results: the relationships between International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and COVID-19 in the Colombian armed conflict are described, taking into account the diverse transition scenarios that society faces regarding the implementation of the Final Agreement (2016) in the so-called post-agreement and post-pandemic. Conclusions: IHL, beyond its legal-normative component, has great ethical and political potential to contribute to peace building in Colombia and thus strengthen the precarious exercise of citizenship deficient in contexts such as Latin America. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, despite its unpredictability, may constitute an opportunity to enhance the value and conditions of human life, and contribute to the construction of a more just and peaceful society based on the paradigm of imperfect peace. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Objetivo: analizar el rol del Derecho Internacional Humanitario en la construcción de paz en el posacuerdo y la pospandemia en Colombia. Metodología: es de carácter documental bajo el método hermenéutico, con un enfoque socio-jurídico crítico y orientada por la investigación cualitativa desde la técnica de la revisión documental. Resultados: se describen las relaciones entre el Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH) y la COVID-19 en el conflicto armado colombiano, teniendo en cuenta los escenarios diversos de transición que nuestra sociedad enfrenta en cuanto a la implementación del Acuerdo Final (Mesa de conversaciones, 2018) en el denominado posacuerdo y la pospandemia. Conclusiones: el DIH, más allá de su componente jurídico-normativo, tiene un gran potencial ético y político por aportar en la construcción de paz en Colombia y fortalecer así el precario ejercicio de la ciudadanía deficitaria en contextos como el latinoamericano. Los efectos de la pandemia por COVID-19, a pesar de su impredecibilidad, pueden constituirse en una oportunidad para potenciar el valor de la vida humana en condiciones dignas, y contribuir a la construcción de una sociedad más justa y pacífica desde el paradigma de la paz imperfecta. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Objetivo: analisar o papel do Direito Humanitário Internacional na construção da paz pós-acordo e pós-pandémica na Colômbia. Metodologia: é de natureza documental sob o método hermenêutico, com uma abordagem crítica sócio-jurídica e orientada pela investigação qualitativa utilizando a técnica da revisão documental. Resultados: são descritas as relações entre o Direito Internacional Humanitário (DIH) e a COVID-19 no conflito armado colombiano, tendo em conta os diversos cenários de transição que a nossa sociedade enfrenta em termos da implementação do Acordo Final (2016) no chamado período pós-acordo e pós-pandémico. Conclusões: o DIH, para além da sua componente jurídico-normativa, tem um grande potencial ético e político para contribuir para a construção da paz na Colômbia e assim reforçar o precário exercício da cidadania, que é deficiente em contextos como a América Latina. Os efeitos da pandemia da COVID-19, apesar da sua imprevisibilidade, podem tornar-se uma oportunidade para aumentar o valor da vida humana em condições dignas, e contribuir para a construção de uma sociedade mais justa e pacífica baseada no paradigma da paz imperfeita. (Portuguese) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Ánfora is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Manizales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Avances en la constitucionalización del procedimiento contencioso administrativo colombiano en tiempos del covid-19

Este artículo pretende mostrar los avances en la constitucionalización del procedimiento contencioso administrativo, con ocasión de la reforma a la Ley 1437 de 2011, que se materializó con la Ley 2080 de enero del 2021, en plena pandemia del covid-19, reforma mediante la cual se avanzó en la concreción de los principios constitucionales de transparencia, seguridad jurídica, buena fe, respeto del debido proceso, acceso efectivo a la justicia material, inmediación y oralidad, los cuales permiten concretar el Estado Social de derecho.

Educação não é sinônimo de aprendizagem: uma interlocução Educação, Psicanálise e Filosofia

O presente trabalho, a partir da interface Educação e Psicanálise, em interlocução com alguns pressupostos filosóficos, sobretudo no que concerne às teorizações de Hannah Arendt e Gert Biesta, pretende discutir algumas hipóteses acerca da atual primazia da aprendizagem e do suposto protagonismo do aluno, com o consequente apagamento do lugar do professor e do ensino. Com o reducionismo do direito constitucional à educação em direito à aprendizagem, sob a influência de organizações internacionais, como a OCDE, marcadas por uma lógica neoliberal, algumas políticas públicas obedecem à lógica de eficiência do mundo empresarial. Com metas mensuráveis, focadas em resultados, a complexidade do fenômeno educativo se reduz à performance e ao desempenho. Nessa perspectiva, quaisquer percalços na empreitada educativa são entendidos como um problema de gestão. Entretanto, como uma tarefa eminentemente humana, a Educação convive, paradoxalmente, com a impossibilidade de sua realização, visto que nunca alcança a totalidade da sua intenção, sempre não-toda. A tensão estrutural relativa ao enigmático (des)encontro entre o novo e o instituído obriga a educação a lidar continuamente com o mal-estar. Defende-se que a educação é um bem comum que se efetiva em um campo eminentemente relacional e, portanto, tenso, imprevisível, artesanal, avesso a determinações generalistas e, seguindo a tradição freudiana, impossível.Alternate : This work, based on the interface Education and Psychoanalysis, in dialogue with some philosophical assumptions, especially with regard to the theories of Hannah Arendt and Gert Biesta, intends to discuss some hypotheses about the current primacy of learning and the supposed role of the student, with the consequent deletion of the place of the teacher and teaching. With the reduction of the constitutional right to education in the right to learning, under the influence of international organizations, such as the OECD, marked by a neoliberal logic, some public policies obey the logic of efficiency in the business world. With measurable goals, focused on results, the complexity of the educational phenomenon is reduced to performance. In this perspective, any obstacles in the educational endeavor are understood as a management problem. However, as an eminently human task, Education lives, paradoxically, with the impossibility of its realization, since it never reaches the totality of its intention, always not-all. The structural tension related to the enigmatic (dis) encounter between the new and the instituted forces education to continually deal with malaise. It is argued that education is a common good that takes place in an eminently relational field and, therefore, tense, unpredictable, artisanal, averse to generalist determinations and, following Freudian tradition, impossible.Alternate : El presente trabajo, basado en la interfaz Educación y Psicoanálisis, en diálogo con algunos supuestos filosóficos, especialmente en lo que respecta a las teorías de Hannah Arendt y Gert Biesta, pretende discutir algunas hipótesis sobre la primacía actual del aprendizaje y el supuesto protagonismo del alumno, con la consecuente supresión del lugar del profesor y la docencia. Con la reducción del derecho constitucional a la educación en el derecho al aprendizaje, bajo la influencia de organismos internacionales, como la OCDE, marcada por una lógica neoliberal, algunas políticas públicas obedecen a la lógica de la eficiencia del mundo empresarial. Con metas medibles, enfocadas a resultados, la complejidad del fenómeno educativo se reduce a desempeño. En esta perspectiva, cualquier obstáculo en el quehacer educativo se entiende como un problema de gestión. Sin embargo, como tarea eminentemente humana, la Educación vive, paradójicamente, con la imposibilidad de su realización, ya que nunca alcanza la totalidad de su intención, siempre no-toda. La tensión estructural relacionada con el enigmático (des)encuentro entre lo nuevo y lo institui o obliga a la educación a lidiar continuamente con el malestar. Se argumenta que la educación es un bien común que se desarrolla en un campo eminentemente relacional y, por tanto, tenso, impredecible, artesanal, contrario a las determinaciones generalistas y, siguiendo la tradición freudiana, imposible.

[The constitutional framework for collective health protection measures in the face of pandemics. SESPAS Report 2022]. / El marco constitucional de las medidas de protección de la salud colectiva ante las pandemias. Informe SESPAS 2022.

The aim of this paper is to explore the legal tools the Spanish constitutional system holds to face a health crisis as serious in its scope and consequences and as lengthy in time such as that of the COVID-19 pandemic. First, we explain the state of alarm provided for in Organic Law 4/1981, 1st June, regulating the states of alarm, exception and siege; then, the provisions included in Organic Law 3/1986, on extraordinary measures in the field of public health. Both regulations have been the legal basis to adopt different state and regional health measures during this almost year and a half of the pandemic. The last July 14, the Spanish Constitutional Court made public the appeal of unconstitutionality lodged by more than fifty deputies of the Vox parliamentary group against Royal Decree 463/2020, of March 14 (articles 7, 9, 10 and 11), by which the state of alarm was declared for the management of the health crisis caused by COVID-19 and several regulations that modified that Decree or extended it. This judgement suggests a different legal response -the declaration of the state of exception- to deal with the health crisis and be critically analyzed in third place.

[Nudges and the pandemic: An analysis from economics and behavioural law. SESPAS Report 2022]. / Nudges y la pandemia: un análisis desde la economía y el derecho conductual. Informe SESPAS 2022.

Behavioural economics (a combination of economics and psychology) provides keys to understand decisions made by politicians and citizens along the COVID-19 pandemic through the so-called cognitive biases. These biases can be offset by implementing behavioural interventions named "nudges" in order to promote responsible behaviours in the "new normality". This paper analyses, from a behavioural economics perspective, past, present and future of behavioural aspects surrounding the pandemic. Besides, this paper proposes different ways to formalize nudges according to law, which needs the fulfilment of three minimum requirements, namely: transparency, non-arbitrariness and efficiency. Furthermore, it is also suggested that protocols and contingency plans are set up to face future pandemics, in which both soft (nudge-type) interventions and hard legal regulations play different roles but complementary ones. Nudges can be implemented in a fast and less coercive way, so they are particularly suitable for changing mild misbehaviour, reserving legal sanctions for the more serious ones.

Sobre la funcionalidad del Derecho concursal: the second chance?

En esta contribución se reflexiona acerca de la evolución y la virtualidad del Derecho concursal desde el enfoque que nos ofrece la legislación española, teniendo muy presentes las dificultades económicas que atraviesan los operadores dentro de la situación de pandemia ocasionada por el covid-19. Desde esta óptica, se analiza un instituto de gran interés, conocido como “segunda oportunidad” (beneficio de la exoneración del pasivo insatisfecho), que es traslación de instituciones procedentes de otras legislaciones. Se estudia cómo está reglamentado y cuáles son las cuestiones que aún están pendientes de aclarar y mejorar para que sirva a los objetivos pretendidos.Alternate :This contribution reflects on the evolution and virtuality of bankruptcy law from the approach offered by Spanish law, bearing in mind the economic difficulties that operators are going through in the pandemic situation caused by covid-19. From this point of view, an institute of great interest known as “second chance” (benefit of the exemption of unsatisfied liabilities) is analyzed, which is the transfer of institutions from other legislations. It is studied how it is regulated and what are the issues that are still pending clarification and improvement so that it serves the intended objectives.

COVID-19 from the lens of Global International Relations

Although the initiation of COVID-19 vaccination brought hope, IFM forecasts that the main fault line to global recovery is access to vaccines, an argument that reinforces the idea that COVID-19 is a syndemic and not a pandemic. This article argues that from the lens of Global International Relations three elements impact vaccine access and affordability: human security, global governance, and International Law. First, the health emergency requires rethinking security considering the multiple risks and threats centred on the human being. Second, inefficiency of global governance led to the success of vaccine diplomacy over Covax Facility, as well as India and South Africa's long and uncertain struggle for a waiver in the World Trade Organisation. Finally, although Law plays an essential role in building resilience in situations of vulnerability, the international legal system lacks treaties that rule pandemics or establish limits to intellectual property if the immunity of herd requires it. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] Aunque el inicio de la vacunación contra la covid-19 trajo esperanza, el Fondo Monetario Internacional pronostica que la principal falla en la recuperación global es el acceso a las vacunas, argumento que refuerza la idea de que la covid-19 es una sindemia y no una pandemia. Este artículo sostiene que, desde la perspectiva de las relaciones internacionales globales, tres elementos impactan en el acceso y asequibilidad de la vacuna: la seguridad humana, la gobernanza global y el derecho internacional. En primer lugar, la emergencia sanitaria requiere repensar la seguridad considerando múltiples riesgos y amenazas centrados en el ser humano. Asimismo, la ineficacia de la gobernanza global condujo al éxito de la diplomacia de las vacunas sobre el Mecanismo Covax, así como a una larga e incierta lucha de India y Sudáfrica por una suspensión temporal de las patentes en la Organización Mundial del Comercio. Finalmente, si bien el derecho juega un papel fundamental en la construcción de resiliencia en situaciones de vulnerabilidad, el sistema internacional carece de tratados sobre pandemias o que establezcan límites a la propiedad intelectual si la inmunidad de rebaño así lo requiere. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of OASIS - Observatorio de Análisis de los Sistemas Internacionales is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Centro de Investigaciones y Proyectos Especiales (CIPE) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Implicaciones para la formación jurídica en complejidad derivadas de la pandemia por coronavirus (COVID-19). Reflexiones y estudio de percepciones en torno al caso mexicano

Para el presente artículo se planteó como objetivo: explorar si el impacto de fenómenos de la complejidad en la formación jurídica se ha visto acelerado por la pandemia de COVID-19. Para ello, a través de una metodología analítica, se seleccionaron tres fenómenos asociados a la complejidad: Discontinuidad, multidisciplinariedad y sociedad de la información, en torno a cada uno de ellos se plasmaron algunas reflexiones teóricas, que permitieron describirlos y desarrollar una escala de percepción, la cual se aplicó en dos grupo de estudiantes de doctorado a través de un muestreo intencional, los resultados permitieron concluir que cada uno de los fenómenos mencionados es considerado más necesario para la formación de licenciados en derecho de lo que era antes de la pandemia, lo cual remarca el reto de incorporarlos en la formación jurídica.Alternate : This article aims to explore whether the impact of complexity phenomena on legal education has been accelerated by the COVID 19 pandemic. For this, through an analytical methodology, three phenomena associated with complexity were selected: Discontinuity, multidisciplinarity and information society, around each of them some theoretical reflections were reflected, which allowed them to be described and developed a perception scale , which was applied in two groups of doctoral students through an intentional sampling, the results allowed to conclude that each of the aforementioned phenomena is considered more necessary for the training of law graduates than it was before the pandemic, which highlights the challenge of incorporating them into legal training.

Scientific advances as a third-generation human right in times of pandemic María Cristina Ramírez Castiblanco

The pandemic caused by the Covid-19 virus has pose a threat to humanity, forcing the entire world to implement measures of distancing and social isolation and has been a terrible blow to the planet's economy and public health. Large pharmaceutical companies around the world financed, on many occasions, with public money, were braided in a runaway race to get a vaccine that could return the planet to the hoped normality, leaving their coffers full. This paper analyzes the consequences of preventing the release of the patent for this vaccine in relation to the human right to use advances in science and technology. Using a qualitative methodology, with a descriptive, correlational and explanatory scope, based on a review of the literature, the opposition that occurs between the rights of peoples to receive the Covid-19 vaccine, as part of the right to use, is evidenced. of the advances of science and technology in its capacity as a third generation human right, and the interests of large pharmaceutical companies and private business conglomerates, in the light of Law, ethics and public health, discerning on a controversial issue that has humanity in suspense. It is concluded that what is at stake goes beyond economic interests, since those who own and maintain ownership of patents will have an advantage in terms of geopolitics and, incidentally, greater control over biopolitics. © 2021 The author;licensee Universidad de la Costa - CUC. All Rights Reserved.

Aplicación de la buena fe y la solidaridad en la emergencia de la covid-19: una comparación entre Ecuador e Italia

Este artículo aborda la aplicación de la buena fe y el principio de la solidaridad a través de la revisión del ordenamiento jurídico italiano y ecuatoriano. En ese sentido, se examina su función en el actual contexto pandémico originado por la covid-19. Sobre todo, se destaca cómo la buena fe y la solidaridad podrían utilizarse para afrontar “comportamientos abusivos”, como el aumento —irracional— de los precios de mascarillas y otros instrumentos de protección frente al virus.Alternate :This article addresses the application of good faith and the principle of solidarity through the analysis of the Italian and Ecuadorian legal system. In this perspective, its role in the current pademic context caused by covid-19 is examined. Above all, it highlights how good faith and solidarity could be used to address ‘abusive behaviors’, such as the irrational increase of the prices of masks and other personal protection equipment against the virus.

Some thoughts about barriers to access to a possible vaccine against the covid-19

La pandemia ocasionada por el covid-19 ha causado un gran impacto a nivel mundial, cambiando desde la forma en que las personas llevan su día a día, hasta su manera de concebir el mundo, cambio que no es ajeno al mundo de la economía, el derecho y el comercio internacional entre naciones. Este artículo pretende analizar las barreras en cada uno de estos campos que podría enfrentar la vacuna contra la covid-19, tanto en su etapa de producción, distribución y comercialización como la forma en la que podría superar dichas barreras para así garantizar el acceso a nivel mundial, incluso en los países en desarrollo, como Colombia.Alternate :The covid-19 pandemic has caused a great impact on a global level, changing from how people behave on a daily basis to the way the world is conceived, but it has also affected the economy, the law and the international trade between nations. This article is intended to analyze the possible barriers, in each of these fields, that the future covid-19 vaccine might face either in the development, distribution and marketing stages;and how countries could be able to face and overcome them, in order to guarantee the global access, including third world countries as most Latin American countries like Colombia.

Los retos en la prestación del servicio público de agua potable en la nueva normalidad en Cuenca-Ecuador

El estudio analiza la situación que atraviesa el servicio público de agua potable en el Ecuador antes de la pandemia, así como los retos a los que se enfrenta por la propagación de la covid-19. Ecuador al declararse un Estado de derechos y justicia debe garantizar el derecho a la salud, así como otros derechos con los que tiene interdependencia, como el derecho al agua potable y saneamiento. En el contexto de la pandemia, el consumo de agua se ha visto incrementado, por lo que es conveniente analizar qué medidas se han tomado para garantizar estos derechos humanos y, por otra parte, garantizar la sostenibilidad financiera de las empresas prestadoras del servicio. La investigación se realizó en la ciudad de Cuenca, utilizando el análisis económico del derecho, al presentar datos estadísticos sobre la contaminación de las fuentes hídricas, el consumo por tipo de tarifa proyectado a marzo de 2020. Llegándose a concluir que el actual marco normativo contempla como derecho fundamental constitucional y legalmente reconocido el derecho a la salud, así como el acceso de todos los ciudadanos a un recurso hídrico de calidad. Los desafíos para contrarrestar la pandemia ponen en evidencia la necesidad de tomar decisiones razonables que permitan ampliar y mejorar la prestación del servicio público de agua potable, como una de las estrategias para evitar la propagación de la covid-19, siendo necesaria una correcta recaudación para gestionar un eficiente tratamiento del agua.Alternate :The study analyzes the situation that the public drinking water service is going through in Ecuador before the pandemic, as well as the challenges it faces due to the spread of covid-19. Ecuador, when declaring itself as a state of rights and justice, must guarantee the right to health, as well as other rights with which it has interdependence, such as the right to drinking water and sanitation. In the context of the pandemic, water consumption has increased, so it is convenient to analyze what measures have been taken to guarantee these human rights and, on the other hand, guarantee the financial sustainability of the companies that provide the service. The research was carried out in the city of Cuenca, using the economic analysis of the law, when presenting statistical data about the contamination of water sources, consumption by type of rate projected to March 2020. It was concluded that the current regulatory framework considers as fundamental constitutional right and legally recognized the right to health, as well as the access of all citizens to a quality water resource. The challenges to counteract the pandemic highlight the need to make reasonable decisions that allow expanding and improving the supplying of the public drinking water service, as one of the strategies to prevent the spread of covid-19, being necessary a correct collection to manage efficient water treatment.

Medical and Legal Aspects of the Practice of Teledermatology in Spain. / Aspectos medicolegales de la práctica de la teledermatología en España.

Teledermatology is now fully incorporated into our clinical practice. However, after reviewing current legislation on the ethical aspects of teledermatology (data confidentiality, quality of care, patient autonomy, and privacy) as well as insurance and professional responsibility, we observed that a specific regulatory framework is still lacking and related legal aspects are still at a preliminary stage of development. Safeguarding confidentiality and patient autonomy and ensuring secure storage and transfer of data are essential aspects of telemedicine. One of the main topics of debate has been the responsibilities of the physicians involved in the process, with the concept of designating a single responsible clinician emerging as a determining factor in the allocation of responsibility in this setting. A specific legal and regulatory framework must be put in place to ensure the safe practice of teledermatology for medical professionals and their patients.

[Myocarditis and in situ thrombosis in the right ventricle in a COVID-19 patient]. / Miocarditis y trombosis in situ en ventrículo derecho en paciente COVID-19.

Although SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the respiratory system, its impact on other systems is becoming increasingly evident. Cardiovascular involvement is highly significant in the form of acute myocardial damage (AMD) and thromboembolic complications due to the hypercoagulable state produced by this infection. This clinical case presents the coexistence of several cardiovascular complications in a young patient, with no previous disease and recent COVID-19 infection. It also highlights the need for screening for cardiovascular complications by imaging techniques due to the increase in their incidence.